Thyssenkrupp to cooperate with BlueScope on low-carbon steel research
The focus of the joint research will be on smelting units and direct-reduced iron (DRI) plants, it added.
The cooperation between the two companies will continue for four years, intended to enhance the understanding of smelting technologies and to optimize the management of Thyssenkrupp’s new DRI complex in Duisburg, now under construction.
BlueScope Steel has already gained experience in these technologies by operating smelters in New Zealand using DRI made from iron sand, Thyssenkrupp said.
Thyssenkrupp already had plans to replace one of the four blast furnaces at its Duisburg site with a DRI plant and two downstream smelters in 2027, a company spokesperson told Fastmarkets. This would allow the company to make its first steps toward carbon-neutral steel production, Thyssenkrupp added.
The other three BFs will gradually be replaced with climate-friendly alternative technologies by 2045, the spokesperson told Fastmarkets.
The new plant will have capacity for 2.5 million tonnes per year of DRI. The company also planned to be able to produce around 5 million tpy of low-carbon steel by 2030.
Thyssenkrupp has obtained €2 billion ($2.2 billion) in German state funding for its green steel transformation project.
The DRI module at Duisburg will be powered by green hydrogen, which is seen as a strategic renewable fuel in Europe.
According to the hydrogen import strategy approved by the country’s Federal Cabinet at the end of July, demand for hydrogen and hydrogen derivatives in Germany will amount to 95-130TWh in 2030.
“In the smelters, DRI and aggregates are melted to form hot metal,” Thyssenkrupp said. It added that two identical smelters, each electrically powered and with capacity for 100MW, were being built to process the 2.5 million tpy of DRI output.
Thyssenkrupp added that, ideally, renewable electricity would be used to power the smelters.
“The smelters offer numerous advantages in an integrated metallurgical network,” Thyssenkrupp said. “They enable the production of equivalent ‘electric furnace iron’ while all other process stages, including the steel mill, remain in place, and [further] investments in plants and equipment are minimized.”
The company added that, by retaining all processes from the steel mill stage onward, Thyssenkrupp would continue to provide its customers with “the entire range of steel grades in the usual high quality.”
According to the company, the use of a smelter offers a flexible raw material basis, since DR pellets can also be used in the DR plant.
Another advantage of this technology was that the molten slag could be processed further and used in the cement industry, thus contributing to recycling management.
Demand for green steel remains slow in Europe
Demand for flat green steel was still sporadic in Europe. This was a result of both seasonal factors and relatively low green steel uptake across supply chains, industry sources have told Fastmarkets.
During the assessment week ended August 15, offers of green steel with Scope 1, 2 and upstream Scope 3 carbon emissions of less than 0.8 tonnes per tonne of steel were reported at €200-350 ($221-386) per tonne from European suppliers, stable week on week.
But due to the slow demand, producers were apt to give discounts. As a result, a booking of flat steel with carbon emission content of around 0.6-0.8 tonne per tonne of steel was reported at €170-200 per tonne in late July/early August.
Fastmarkets’ latest weekly assessment of the green steel domestic, flat-rolled, differential to HRC index, exw Northern Europe, was €170-200 per tonne on August 15, narrowing downward from €170-250 per tonne seven days earlier.
European green steel premiums narrow downward; end-user demand slow
During the assessment week, offers for green steel with Scope 1, 2 and upstream Scope 3 carbon emissions below 0.8 tonnes per tonne of steel were reported at €200-350 ($219-329) per tonne from European suppliers, stable week on week.
Buyer sources, however, pointed out that for bigger volumes European mills could accept lower prices.
As a result, buyers’ estimations of tradeable values for such material were heard at €100-150 per tonne. The lower end, however, was deemed unworkable by sellers so far.
A distributor source reported a booking of flat steel with carbon emission content of around 0.6-0.8 tonne per tonne of steel at €170-200 per tonne in end-July-early August.
Fastmarkets’ weekly assessment of the green steel domestic, flat-rolled, differential to HRC index, exw Northern Europe was €170-200 per tonne on Thursday, narrowing from €170-250 per tonne seven days ago.
The corresponding green steel base price, HRC, exw Northern Europe, daily inferred was €780.38 per tonne on August 15.
Demand, however, remained limited. Transactions for steel with reduced carbon content in most cases were done directly between steelmakers and end users. The automotive industry remained the major buyer of green steel in Europe, market sources said.
“The market [for green steel] is sleepy, there is a seasonal slowdown, and automotive is not performing well, so overall demand [ for green steel] remains on the low side,” a buyer in Germany said.
“Green steel market is not big, but we see more interest from automakers, and the construction industry is starting to catch up in some regions,” a seller source said.
But even key consumers were seen booking mainly test batches, and green steel uptake in general has been quite low across the steel supply chain so far, Fastmarkets understands.
Per the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol Corporate Standard, Scope 1 refers to direct emissions generated by an entity or its subsidiaries. Scope 2 refers to indirect emissions from energy used by an organization. Scope 3 refers to indirect emissions – from activities of the entity – that occur from sources beyond their control.
US green steel premium faces continued inertia
US steel consumers are resisting paying a premium for green steel, Wade Wright, a steel consultant told participants at a green steel webinar held by Jefferies Equity Research on Monday August 12, highlighting the pushback from automakers.
“Auto companies are [not] willing to pay a premium for [material with] a little lower carbon footprint than what [they] had last year or the year before that,” Wright said.
Steel production via electric arc furnaces (EAFs) accounts for over 70% of production in the US, according to the American and Iron Institute, compared with a 26% global average.
EAFs have a lower carbon footprint due to its use of electricity, compared to blast furnaces (BFs), which rely on coal, leading to higher carbon dioxide and other pollutant emissions.
Since buyers in the US are already paying for relatively cleaner steel, they are simply not willing to pay more for the same steel.
“I wouldn’t pay extra for green steel. I think most of our mills have the best manufacturing processes to keep the carbon emissions at the lower levels. I have no interest in paying a premium for what a mill now claims as green steel,” a distributor, who typically purchases from an EAF mill, told Fastmarkets.
They added: “I think lot of companies are greenwashing their mill’s operations to add some kind of perceived value to the same products they’ve always produced.”
A second distributor said that no one is talking about green steel.
“I think what is hindering it is the same reason that I have for not promoting it — until the rest of the world matches our level of carbon reduction, what is the use? Does the world get to pollute and only the US has to conform?” the second distributor said.
Due to the large aversion to paying a premium for green steel, it’s probable that the US market is not going to see acceptance for “a while,” Wright said on Monday, with the only thing likely to spur any acceptance is “federal intervention.”
In March, the Department of Energy’s (DOE) invested $6 billion in decarbonization projects to reduce industrial greenhouse gas emissions, which was funded by President Biden’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) and Inflation Reduction Act (IRA).
Integrated steelmaker Cleveland-Cliffs was awarded $500 million to replace its blast furnace (BF) at its Middletown Works facility in Ohio with a hydrogen-ready direct reduced-iron (DRI) plant and two electric-melting furnaces.
SSAB Americas has also been selected for award negotiations for the potential construction of a HYBRIT manufacturing facility, which can produce fossil-free iron by using green hydrogen instead of fossil fuels.
Fastmarkets’ weekly green steel domestic, differential to US HRC, fob mill was flat at $0 per short ton on August 14.
Fastmarkets’ domestic green steel base price, hot-rolled coil fob US mill stands at $678.30 per ton. The price is the average of the most recent US Midwest and South HRC prices plus the US green steel differential.
Fastmarkets defines US green hot-rolled as having emitted carbon at or below 0.7 tonnes CO2e per 1 tonne of steel. This can be reached via native production, mass balancing, or renewable energy credits. Carbon offset credits are explicitly barred. The full methodology can be found here.
Fastmarkets’ domestic green steel, flat-rolled, differential to HRC index, exw Northern Europe was unchanged at €170-250 per tonne on August 8.
Meanwhile, Fastmarkets’ green steel import, differential to HRC index, cfr Vietnam was also unchanged at $150-200 per tonne on August 8.
German court ruling on ‘Greenwashing’ could challenge steel industry transparency
A recent German court decision against greenwashing could spell trouble for the steel industry, says stainless steel trader Gerber Group.
The German Federal Court of Justice (BGH) recently set a restriction for the use of the “climate neutral” label in product promotion. The term is permittable only if the climate neutrality is clearly explained to the consumer.
The judgement was made in the context of fruit gum and liquorice from a particular brand, which advertised its products as “produced climate-neutrally”. According to the court, the slogan is misleading as the production process of the sweets is by no means free from CO2. The alleged climate-neutrality is actually achieved by offsetting through nature project investment.
When approached by Kallanish, a spokesperson for the court said that steel or its related industries were not under consideration in this context, and that no similar cases are pending for those industries.
However, Gerber finds that this could, and should be happening, and provokingly asks: “Is this the end for green steel intransparency?” In a commentary piece on its website, the group warns that the BGH judgement is likely to seriously shake up the “green steel” concept and pose challenges for many manufacturers.
It attacks steelmakers for constantly coming up with new, colourful labels – blue, green, responsible – “with the sole purpose of creating a lack of transparency regarding CO2 emissions.” It adds: “They try to distract from the fact that there is no real CO2 reduction – at least not in technical terms.”
Gerber predicts that the BGH ruling for the food industry will also be echoed in B2B industries and create better transparency there. It will “make clearer who has taken real measures to reduce CO2 emissions from steel and who is just trying to get away with indulgence payments,” Gerber writes.
Christian Koehl Germany
ArcelorMittal to supply XCarb to Knauf Interfer
ArcelorMittal will supply German distribution group Knauf Interfer with CO2-reduced input material, Kallanish learns from the steelmaker.
At ArcelorMittal Europe – Flat Products, CO2 savings are achieved with the “XCarb recycled and renewably produced” label and also through the sale of “XCarb Green Steel Certificates” in line with customer requirements, the steelmaker says.
In partnership with ArcelorMittal Europe – Flat Products, Knauf Interfer will soon be using the “XCarb recycled and renewably produced” product in series production for several customer projects.
Knauf Interfer, in turn, can pass these CO2 savings on to its customers. In this way, the two partners want to safeguard the supply chain. Knauf is thus forming a central interface between steel manufacturers and customers, both through its steel service centres and through its own forming blanks and cold rolling activities, ArcelorMittal explains.
Knauf Interfer processes the steel into slit strip, sheets, formed blanks or cold-rolled precision steel for applications in segments such as drives, engines or seats.
Christian Koehl Germany
Tata Steel moves forward with first phase of ‘Green Steel’ plan in the Netherlands
Tata Steel Nederlands said on Monday May 27 that it had awarded contracts for the basic engineering of the EAF and DRI to two Italian companies – equipment supplier Danieli and system solutions specialist Tenova.
Part of the first stage of Tata Steel Nederlands’ “Green Steel” plan, which it expects to be complete by 2030, the EAF will replace the site’s largest blast furnace, BF7, while the DRI plant will replace one of the company’s coke-making plants.
The company did not specify the capacity of the new equipment and did not provide any further details to Fastmarkets’ questions on the issue.
“We cannot share any more information yet about the capacity,” a company spokesperson said, although market participants told Fastmarkets the EAF capacity was likely to be around 3 million tonnes per year.
Tenova said the DRI equipment would refine the liquid metal from the EAF to produce high-quality steel, particularly for the automotive sector.
According to Fastmarkets’ data, at IJmuiden, Tata Steel currently has the capacity to produce 7.5 million tpy of crude steel and produces hot-rolled, cold-rolled, hot-dipped galvanized, and pre-painted coil, along with tin-plated products.
The DRI plant and EAF will cut CO2 emissions by 40%, Tata Steel Nederland said.
In the first stage of its Green Steel plan, the company also aims to further reduce its emissions and particulate matter by using more scrap in steel production, raising its usage from 17% scrap to 30% by 2030.
The steel producer said that it would apply for the necessary permits for the new equipment by the end of 2024.
In the second phase of its transition, Tata Steel Nederlands will close its BF6 and its other coke-making plants, resulting in an 80% reduction in CO2 emissions from 2030 to 2045, by which time the company will be “CO2 neutral.”
Political support concerns
Tata Steel Nederlands decarbonization plans have previously been supported by the Dutch government and, at the end of April, the outgoing Dutch government formally declared that it wanted to Tata Steel’s plan to become more sustainable enacted more quickly, with government representatives starting negotiations with the steelmaker over a legally binding and enforceable tailor-made agreement to do just that.
“Tata Steel’s focus is now entirely on the first phase of its Green Steel plan,” the steelmaker said on Monday. “[And] once the tailor-made agreement with the Dutch government is in place, the company can begin ordering long lead items based on the progressed engineering work, ensuring [that it stays] on track for 2030,” the company said.
But it is not clear how the new Dutch government – a right-wing coalition formed by Dutch nationalist Geert Wilders – will treat such decarbonization projects, with the country’s the most right-wing government for decades likely to deprioritize climate change regulations in favor of more protectionist, nationalistic policies.
Asked to comment on the possible impact of the new government’s future policies on Tata Steel Nederland’s Green Steel plan, the spokesperson for the company said the mandate had been given to the Minister of Economic Affairs & Climate Policy to continue the talks on the tailor-made plan.
“So that is what we do at this moment,” the spokesperson added.
Notably, the new coalition plans to reduce climate change funding by €300 million ($326 million) every year for the next four years – amounting to total cuts of €1.2 billion, according to local media reports.
Sources said the funding cuts will be achieved through cuts in the development of renewable hydrogen.
The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs & Climate Policy was approach for comment, but had not responded by the time of publication.
The issue of developing green hydrogen is already a key topic of conversation among European steelmakers.
ArcelorMittal Europe chief executive, Geert van Poelvoorde, told global energy transition information service Hydrogen Insight earlier this year that it could not operate its European plants using green hydrogen, despite billions in EU state funding, because the resulting green steel would not be competitive in international markets.
Using hydrogen with existing DRI modules in Europe is quite expensive, Fastmarkets understands, with hydrogen prices currently around €5-8 per kg, but needing to be closer to “€2.5-3.0 per kg to be commercially viable for steelmaking,” a steel producer in Northern Europe said. To produce 1 tonne of liquid metal in a DRI module, around 80 kg of hydrogen is required, according to industry estimates.
Liberty Steel hints at preparing Hungary’s Dunaferr for green transition after acquisition
“The iron and steel works [of Dunaferr] has been saved, but now needs to be repaired and prepared for a sustainable long-term future,” according to a letter from Liberty Steel’s European chairman Ajay Aggarwal and its chief investment officer Sandip Biswas.
Just over a month ago, UK-registered Liberty Steel won the tender for Dunaferr. However, the sale is not yet completed, as the European Commission has yet to approve the acquisition, making the liquidator exercise ownership rights and take strategic decisions.
A spokesperson for Liberty Steel declined to comment on the content.
The letter mentions the understanding between the liquidator and Dunaferr’s management in relation to the challenging European market conditions and specifically high levels of foreign steel imports into the EU, high energy prices, and additional costs in meeting EU carbon emission standards, and the necessity to pause steel production as these conditions persist.
The liquidator has therefore agreed to Liberty’s suggestion to temporarily and for an unspecified period stop steel smelting and take offline blast furnace No. 2 — the last operational of the two BFs at the plant — and reduce the operation of the coke plant to a technological minimum, according to the letter. However, the rolling mill continues to process slab stocks, the letter added.
Liberty Steel since the end of 2022, when Dunaferr was in a bad state amid its major facilities shut down, has worked closely with the liquidator, helping the restart of Dunaferr’s blast furnaces and coke ovens, in addition to steel production and rolling mills.
Previously, Liberty Steel informed the market of the green transition in the works for its other major Eastern European mill and Romania’s largest steelmaker Liberty Galati. Just over a year ago, Liberty said it was about to hold a tender to select a supplier of hybrid electric arc furnace technology needed to produce low-carbon steel at Galati, but this was never completed.
Stahlwerk Thüringen to connect Unterwellenborn steel mill to German hydrogen network
German steel producer Stahlwerk Thüringen plans to connect the Unterwellenborn steel plant to the country’s expanding hydrogen network, it said Aug. 15.
Under the terms of a memorandum of understanding signed with pipeline system operator Ferngas, Stahlwerk aims to connect its Unterwellenborn plant in Thuringia to the hydrogen network from 2027.
Stahlwerk has been decarbonizing its steel mill operations, with the plant already utilizing 100% renewable energy for green steel production.
The decision to purchase green hydrogen via the grid infrastructure in the future is an important step toward largely decarbonized steel production, the company said.
“We want to take the next step toward the sustainable development of the steel industry and underline our leading role in the application of more environmentally friendly technologies,” said Alexander Stolze, head of purchasing, Stahlwerk. “The connection to the hydrogen network will maintain our competitiveness and strengthen the Thuringian steel mill as a center of low-emission steel production.”
The companies will need to acquire associated permits proving hydrogen operability at the plant and secure approval from the local legislature to operate the hydrogen lines.
Platts, part of S&P Global Commodity Insights, assessed Northwest European hot-rolled coil carbon-accounted steel at Eur735/mt ($803/mt) ex-works Ruhr on Aug. 14, down from a peak of Eur885/mt at the start of July. The Platts European carbon-accounted assessment is for HRC with a maximum 2.1 mt of carbon emissions through steel production and from the supply and processing of feedstocks, covering Scopes 1, 2 and 3.
Germany’s Saarland steel sector to use 200,000 mt/year green hydrogen
Green steel production in Germany’s Saarland state could require up to 200,000 mt/year of renewable hydrogen, the head of Saarland’s hydrogen agency Bettina Hübschen told S&P Global Commodity Insights in a recent interview.
The steel industry in Saarland could account for 150,000-200,000 mt/year of hydrogen, while a further 100,000 mt/year of demand could come from other industry, Hübschen said.
“A lot of companies are now considering switching their production from gas-based heating or from gas-based other processes to either electrification or hydrogen,” Hübschen said. Depending on technological constraints, the switch to hydrogen “is a much smaller investment, because they just need to exchange the burner technology and not the whole furnace.”
Saarland offers a case study of how the steel sector is moving to decarbonize operations, integrating with renewables, gas networks and other potential hydrogen users.
The state is home to Saarstahl and Dillinger steel plants, both owned by holding company Stahl-Holding-Saar (SHS).
SHS is Germany’s fourth-largest steel producer by volume, with annual output of 5 million mt, according to a company presentation.
SHS is planning a 2.5 million mt/year direct-reduced iron plant at Dillinger, which would use large volumes of hydrogen, Hübschen said.
SHS’s production is based on traditional blast furnace technology, although the company has said that by 2030 it wants to produce 3.5 million mt — around 70% of its total output — with lower emissions.
The Saarland Hydrogen Agency was established in May as a state subsidiary, and Hübschen is building a team to develop and implement the state’s hydrogen strategy, starting with a local demand analysis.
The focus is to develop hydrogen projects along the value chain, with infrastructure to connect supply and demand nationally and across borders, and steel plants will be the major offtaker for renewable hydrogen in the region, Hübschen said.
“They have their targets they need to fulfill, and they need to be climate neutral by 2045, and they need to have a certain reduction by 2030 already,” she said. “They can only do it by either cutting production or by switching to hydrogen.”
Coal history
The region in the southwest of Germany, bordering France, is home to a number of coal-fired power plants, and shares existing gas pipeline infrastructure across the border.
Hübschen said the former coal plants made good sites to develop for clean hydrogen production, with high-capacity power grid connections, designation as industrial sites and access to water.
Several gas transmission operators are working on a planned 100-km hydrogen pipeline network, comprising around 70 km of repurposed gas pipes and 30 km of new hydrogen pipelines, to connect the Saar region with France’s Grand Est and Luxembourg.
The MosaHYc (Moselle Saar Hydrogen Conversion) pipeline will transport up to 20,000 cu m/hour (60 MW) of pure hydrogen, connecting regional clean hydrogen production with industrial offtakers in the area, converting pipelines to link the German towns of Perl and Voelklingen with Carling and Bouzonville in France.
Several hydrogen projects in Saarland have applied for state aid under the EU’s Important Projects of Common European Interest scheme, including SHS’s H2SYNgas project, STEAG’s HydroHub Fenne electrolyzers and the TraficHdeux transport infrastructure project.
Hydrogen supplies
Meanwhile, French green hydrogen production company Lhyfe is to develop a 70-MW renewable hydrogen plant in Perl, producing up to 30 mt/d to be delivered into MosaHYc.
However, Hübschen acknowledged that the region would have to import substantial volumes of hydrogen to decarbonize industry while electrolytic hydrogen production ramped up in the coming years.
Local hydrogen supplies from 10-50-MW electrolyzers backed by solar and onshore wind power would play a “niche” but important role, as it would take time to build large-scale supply infrastructure, she added.
Hydrogen supplies are expected to come online around 2027-30, with the price paid highly dependent on the structure of contracts to be negotiated, she added.
Steel decarbonization
Hydrogen is used to convert iron oxide into metallic iron, replacing natural gas in the DRI process. Blast furnaces, by contrast, use mainly met coke and other coal-based fuels to convert iron ore. Metallic iron products are then processed into steel.
SHS plans to decarbonize progressively by 2045, commissioning its Dillingen DRI plant by 2030 and using two electric arc furnaces in Voelklingen and Dillingen with around 3.5 million mt/year crude steel capacity, and closing one blast furnace, with CO2 emissions reductions of around 55%. Hydrogen demand in this phase could be 55,000 mt/year.
The company plans to commission a third EAF by 2045 at the latest, with capacity of around 1.2 million mt/year of crude steel.
Hübschen said the upfront investment costs for steel plants to switch to DRI and EAF processes were high, in the region of Eur1 billion ($1.1 billion) for a DRI plant, plus there was a large cost arising from hydrogen purchases.
“They need to invest billions of euros to be hydrogen ready and then to pay a high price for the hydrogen,” she said.
Platts, part of S&P Global Commodity Insights, assessed the cost of producing renewable hydrogen via alkaline electrolysis in Europe at Eur5.91/kg ($6.46/kg) Aug. 14 (Netherlands, including capex), based on month-ahead power prices. Proton exchange membrane electrolysis production was assessed at Eur6.96/kg, while blue hydrogen production by steam methane reforming (including carbon, CCS and capex) was Eur2.95/kg.
Hübschen noted blue hydrogen could be an option for Germany, and while French nuclear-powered hydrogen production would not be acceptable to German steel producers, nuclear electricity generation could power German EAFs.
Platts assessed Northwest European hot-rolled coil carbon-accounted steel at Eur735/mt ($803/mt) ex-works Ruhr, down from a peak of Eur885/mt at the start of July. The Platts European carbon-accounted assessment is for HRC with a maximum of 2.1 mt of carbon emissions through steel production and from the supply and processing of feedstocks, covering Scopes 1, 2 and 3.
Author James Burgess
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): Questions and Answers
Why is the EU putting in place a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism?
The EU is at the forefront of international efforts to fight climate change. The European Green Deal set out a clear path towards achieving the EU’s ambitious target of a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels by 2030, and to become climate-neutral by 2050. In July 2021, the Commission made its Fit for 55 policy proposals to turn this ambition into reality, further establishing the EU as a global climate leader. Since then, those policies have taken shape through negotiations with co-legislators, the European Parliament and the Council, and many have now been signed into EU law. This includes the EU’s plan for a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
As the EU raises its climate ambition and less stringent environmental and climate policies prevail in some non-EU countries, there is a strong risk of so-called ‘carbon leakage’ – i.e. companies based in the EU could move carbon-intensive production abroad to take advantage of lax standards, or EU products could be replaced by more carbon-intensive imports. Such carbon leakage can shift emissions outside of Europe and therefore seriously undermine EU as well as global climate efforts. The CBAM will assess the emission released in producing goods and equalise the price of carbon between domestic products and imports of a selected number of products. Hence it will ensure that the EU’s climate objectives are not undermined by production relocating to countries with less ambitious policies. The CBAM is therefore a climate measure to prevent the risk of carbon leakage and support the EU’s increased ambition on climate mitigation, while ensuring WTO compatibility. Over a period of eight years, CBAM will also gradually replace the free allowances given under the EU Emission Trading System (ETS). In this way, CBAM will be an important incentive for EU producers to reduce emissions.
The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, as co-legislators, signed the final CBAM Regulation on 10 May 2023. The provisions underpinning the CBAM, and its operational features will now progressively enter into force and application.
How will the CBAM work?
In accordance with EU’s international policies and commitments, CBAM has been designed to comply with EU’s international obligations including World Trade Organization (WTO) rules.
The CBAM system will mirror the EU ETS and will work as follows:
• CBAM will be applied on the actual declared carbon content embedded in the goods imported in the EU, according to a formula that will reflect the effects of the EU ETS on the production of similar goods in the EU.
• As from the entry into force of the final regime of CBAM in 2026, EU importers will buy CBAM certificates corresponding to the carbon price that would have been paid, had the goods been produced under the EU’s carbon pricing rules.
• Conversely, if a non-EU producer has already paid a carbon price in a third country on the embedded emissions for the production of the imported goods, the corresponding cost can be fully deducted from the CBAM obligation.
• The CBAM will therefore help reduce the risk of carbon leakage while encouraging producers in non-EU countries to green their production processes and countries to introduce carbon pricing measures.
To provide businesses and other countries with legal certainty and stability, the CBAM will be phased in gradually and will initially apply only to a selected number of goods at high risk of carbon leakage: iron/steel, cement, fertilisers, aluminium, hydrogen and electricity generation. In a transitional period, a reporting system will apply as from 1 October 2023 for those goods with the objective of facilitating a smooth roll out and to facilitate dialogue with third countries. Importers will start paying the CBAM financial adjustment in 2026.
How does CBAM interact with the Emissions Trading System (ETS)?
The EU’s Emissions Trading System (ETS) is the world’s first international emissions trading scheme and the EU’s flagship policy to combat climate change. It sets a cap on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that can be released from power production and large industrial installations. Allowances must be bought on the ETS trading market, though a certain number of free allowances is distributed to industry to prevent carbon leakage. In order to step up the incentive to decarbonise, the CBAM will progressively become an alternative to this. Under the EU’s ETS, the number of free allowances for all sectors declines over time so that the ETS can have maximum impact in fulfilling the EU’s ambitious climate goals. For the CBAM covered sectors, free allowances will be phased out as from 2026, as the CBAM financial adjustment is phased in according to a gradual schedule.
To complement the ETS, the CBAM will be based on a system of certificates to cover the embedded emissions in products being imported into the EU. The CBAM departs from the ETS in some limited areas where it was needed for a border adjustment instrument, as it is not a ‘cap and trade’ system. Nevertheless, the CBAM certificates mirror the ETS price.
Once the full CBAM regime becomes operational in 2026, the system will adjust to reflect the revised EU ETS, in particular when it comes to the reduction of available free allowances in the sectors covered by the CBAM. This means that the CBAM will only begin to apply to the products covered and in direct proportion to the reduction of free allowances allocated under the ETS for those sectors. Put simply, until they are completely phased out in 2034, the CBAM will apply only to the proportion of emissions that does not benefit from free allowances under the EU ETS, thus ensuring that importers are treated in an even-handed way compared to EU producers.
Which sectors will the new mechanism cover and why were they chosen?
The CBAM will initially apply to imports of the following goods:
• Cement
• Iron and Steel
• Aluminium
• Fertilisers
• Hydrogen
• Electricity
These sectors have been selected following specific criteria, in particular their high risk of carbon leakage and high emission intensity which will eventually – once fully phased in –represent more than 50% of the emissions of the industry sectors covered by the ETS.
The CBAM will apply to direct emissions of greenhouse gases emitted during the production process of the products covered, as well as to indirect emissions for a subset of those products (i.e. cement and fertilisers). The CBAM Regulation provides that an analysis will need to be carried out before including indirect emissions in further products in the future. A review of the CBAM’s overall functioning during its transitional period will also be concluded before the entry into force of the definitive system.
At the same time, the product scope will be reviewed by the end of the transitional period to assess the feasibility of including other goods already covered by the EU ETS and susceptible to carbon leakage, such as certain downstream products and those identified as suitable candidates during negotiations (i.e. chemicals and polymers).
The report will include a timetable setting out their inclusion by 2030.
Will the CBAM apply to EEA countries?
The CBAM has EEA relevance and is designed to take full account of the carbon price paid in third countries, whether through market-based instruments like the ETS, or through carbon taxation. Goods originating in countries that fully apply the EU ETS – such as EEA countries – or that have concluded an agreement fully linking their ETS with the EU ETS – such as Switzerland – are entirely excluded from the mechanism.
By ensuring importers pay the same carbon price as domestic producers under the EU ETS, CBAM will ensure equal treatment for products made in the EU and imports from elsewhere and avoid carbon leakage.
How is the CBAM compatible with other ETS systems outside the EU?
The CBAM will ensure that imported products will get “no less favourable treatment” than EU products, thanks in particular to 3 CBAM design features:
– the CBAM takes into consideration “actual values” of embedded emissions, meaning that decarbonising efforts of companies exporting to the EU will lead to a lower CBAM payment,
– the price of the CBAM certificates to be purchased for the importation of the CBAM goods will be the same as for EU producers under the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS), and
– the effective carbon prices paid outside the EU will be deducted from the adjustment to avoid a double price.
This carbon price paid in a third country could for example be due to an established Emissions Trading System. The Commission will develop secondary legislation before the end of the transitional period to design the rules and processes to take in to account the effective carbon price paid abroad. During the transitional period, the reports will need to include the carbon price due in a country of origin for the embedded emissions in the imported goods, taking into account any rebate or other form of compensation available, for information purposes.
Transitional Period
What will happen in the transitional period?
During the transitional period starting on 1 October 2023 and finishing at the end of 2025, importers will have to report at the end of each quarter emissions embedded in their goods subject to CBAM without paying a financial adjustment, giving time for the final system to be put in place.
This transitional period, combined with the gradual phasing-in of CBAM between 2026 and 2034, will allow for a careful, predictable and proportionate transition for EU and non-EU businesses as well as authorities.
What specific information needs to be reported by each CBAM covered sector?
The following table provides an overview of the specific emissions and greenhouse gases covered and how direct and indirect emissions will be determined for each sector under the CBAM scope. Each sector’s particularities have been taken into account when designing the methods for reporting and calculating embedded emissions in these goods while mirroring the EU Emissions Trading System:
CBAM reporting obligation
Who is responsible for the reporting?
Customs authorities will inform customs declarants of their obligation to report information during the transitional period. The customs declarant will either be the importer or the indirect customs representative depending on who lodges the customs declaration.
The person responsible for the reporting obligation can be one of the following:
1. the importer when (i) the importer lodges a customs declaration for release for free circulation of goods in its own name and on its own behalf; and when (ii) is also the declarant holding an 5ertificate5n to lodge a customs and declares the importation of goods;
2. the indirect customs representative, where the customs declaration is lodged by the indirect customs representative appointed in accordance with Article 18 of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013, when the importer is established outside of the Union; or when an indirect customs representative has agreed to the reporting obligations in accordance with Article 32 of Regulation 2023/956.
What are the reporting obligations?
During the transitional period of the CBAM, from 1 October 2023 until 31 December 2025, the importer shall submit a CBAM report on a quarterly basis. This report will include the information on the goods imported during that quarter of year and should not be submitted later than one month after the end of that quarter.
More concretely, the report shall include the information referred in Article 35 of the Regulation:
• the total quantity of each type of goods;
• the actual total embedded emissions;
• the total indirect emissions;
• the carbon price due in a country of origin for the embedded emissions in the imported goods, taking into account any rebate or other form of compensation available.
How is a CBAM report submitted during the transitional period?
A CBAM report is submitted using the CBAM Transitional Registry which will be deployed for the use of Economic Operators in the EU as from the 1st of October 2023 together with a set of webinars and trainings which will facilitate the use of the registry and the submission of data during the transitional period.
Do importers of CBAM goods need to be authorised to import CBAM products during the transitional period?
Importers of CBAM goods will not need to be authorised during the transitional period in order to import these goods into the EU. Customs will inform importers of CBAM goods of their reporting obligations at the moment of import.
Are there verification obligations during the transitional period?
No, verification by an external independent body will only be mandatory from 2026.
Role of the European Commission
What is the role of the European Commission during the transitional period?
The Commission will have the following tasks during the transitional period:
• Manage the CBAM Transitional Registry.
• Analyse the impact of CBAM on: Exports, downstream products, trade flows and LDCs.
• Prepare secondary legislation in the form of implementing acts:
o In Q3 2023 on the transitional period (art.35), reporting obligations and reporting infrastructure.
o In Q3 2024 on authorisation of declarants (art.5 and 17), the CBAM registry (art.14) and accreditation of verifiers (art.18).
o In Q2 2025 implementing acts on indirect emissions (annex IV), verification (art.8), carbon price paid (art.9), information for customs (art.25), continental shell (art.2), average ETS price (art.21), CBAM declaration (art.6), methodology (art.7) and free allocations (art.31).
• Prepare secondary legislation in the form of delegated acts during Q3 2024 for the accreditation of verifiers (art.18) and selling and repurchasing of certificates (art.20). If necessary, the Commission will also prepare delegated acts on exempted countries, rules on electricity and anti-circumvention.
• Prepare the methods for calculating and reporting embedded emissions during the definitive period.
• Set up the Common Central Platform where the sale, repurchase of certificates will take place in the definitive period.
Competent Authorities
What is a competent authority?
Each Member State has designated a competent authority, which will carry out the functions and duties as defined in Regulation (EU) 2023/956. The list of authorities will soon be published by the Commission.
What is the role of the competent authorities during the transitional period?
The tasks attributed to the competent authority will increase over time, where initially, during the transitional period, they will have to provide guidance to the importers and customs representatives, they will assist the Commission in the control of the CBAM reports during the transitional period.
CBAM Transitional Registry
What is the CBAM Transitional Registry?
In order to ensure an efficient implementation of reporting obligations, the Commission has developed an electronic database, which will collect the information reported during the transitional period. The CBAM Transitional Registry is a standardised and secured electronic database containing common data elements for reporting in the transitional period, and to provide for access, case handling and confidentiality. The CBAM Transitional Registry is the basis for the development and establishment of the CBAM Registry pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EU) 2023/956.
What will the CBAM Transitional Registry be used for?
The CBAM Transitional Registry shall enable communication between the Commission, the competent authorities, customs authorities of the Member States and reporting declarants.
The CBAM Transitional Registry will not be used for enforcement, as the information collected will solely serve to feed onto the data analysis and collection during the transitional period.
Customs
What obligations will customs representatives have?
During the transitional period, as indicated in article 32 Regulation (EU) 2023/956, the reporting obligation applies:
• if the importer is not established in a Member State: the indirect customs representative;
• if the importer is established in a Member State: the importer, or, subject to agreement, the indirect customs representative.
Definitive period
How will the CBAM work in practice during the definitive period?
The CBAM will mirror the ETS in the sense that the system is based on the purchase of certificates by importers. The price of the certificates will be calculated depending on the weekly average auction price of EU ETS allowances expressed in € / tonne of CO2 equivalents emitted. Importers of the goods will have to, either individually or through a representative, register to take part in the CBAM and buy CBAM certificates.
The certificatees surrendered by the CBAM declarant shall correspond to the amount of embedded emissions of the relevant goods expressed in tonnes of CO2. In any case, the authorised CBAM declarant shall ensure that the number of CBAM certificates on its account in the CBAM registry at the end of each quarter corresponds to at least 80 % of the embedded emissions. In addition, there is a possibility to purchase certificates along the year.
CBAM certificates will be sold by Member States through a common central platform to authorised CBAM declarants established in that Member State. Only authorised CBAM declarants are allowed to purchase certificates. These certificates shall be surrendered via the CBAM registry by 31 May each year being 2027 the first time, for the year 2026.
What will be the role of the European Commission during the definitive period?
The CBAM Regulation stipulates that the new mechanism should be run by the European Commission in coordination with relevant Member States’ competent authorities. Therefore, the Commission will be in charge of reviewing and verifying declarations as well as managing a central platform for the selling of CBAM certificates to importers. From 2026, importers of CBAM goods into the EU will have to declare by 31 May each year the quantity of goods and the embedded emissions in those goods imported into the EU in the preceding year. At the same time, they must surrender the CBAM certificates they have purchased in advance from the Commission.
How is a CBAM declarant authorised and what is the timeline for its authorisation during the definitive period?
The competent authority in the Member State in which the applicant is established shall grant the status of authorised CBAM declarant, when the applicant meets the following criteria:
– has not been involved in a serious infringement or in repeated infringements of customs legislation, taxation rules, market abuse rules or the CBAM Regulation;
– demonstrates its financial and operational capacity;
– is established in the Member State where the application has been submitted;
– has been assigned an EORI number.
A consultation procedure is required before granting the authorisation, and it should not exceed 15 working days.
How can EU importers ensure that they get the information they need from their non-EU exporters to be able to use the new system correctly?
Non-EU producers should provide the information on embedded emissions for goods subject to CBAM to the EU-registered importers of their goods. In cases where this information is not available at the time when the goods are being imported, EU importers will be able to use default values (even once the definitive system has kicked in) on CO2 emissions for each product to determine the number of certificates they need to purchase.
In addition, production sites outside the EU will have the possibility to register in the EU central database to communicate their emissions reports. This should facilitate compliance for any importer of CBAM goods produced in these sites.
Imports of goods from which countries will fall under the scope of the CBAM?
In principle, imports of goods from all non-EU countries will be covered by the CBAM. That said, certain third countries who participate in the ETS or have an emission trading system linked to the Union’s will be excluded from the mechanism. This is the case for members of the European Economic Area and Switzerland.
CBAM will be applied to electricity generated in and imported from third countries including those that wish to integrate their electricity markets with the EU. If those electricity markets are fully integrated and provided that certain strict obligations and commitments are implemented, these countries could be exempted from the mechanism. If that is the case, the EU will review any exemptions in 2030, at which point those partners should have put in place the decarbonisation measures they have committed to, and an emissions trading system equivalent to the EU’s.
How is the reliability of the reported information ensured (e.g. on embedded CO2 emissions)?
The Commission, in collaboration with Member States authorities, will continuously monitor reported emissions and corresponding trade, to identify practices of circumvention and non-compliance with the CBAM Regulation and its implementing acts. In addition, verifications will be carried out during the definitive period, and the report derived from them shall include information on the quantification of direct emissions and how these emissions are attributed to the different types of goods.
Declared embedded emissions should be verified by a verifier, accredited in accordance with Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2067, who will prepare a verification report. In line with this, CBAM declarations will be accompanied by copies of emissions verification reports.
Penalties shall be imposed when a CBAM declarant introduces goods into the customs territory of the Union without complying with the obligations established in the Regulation.
Is there any criteria to measure if the carbon price system applied in a third country is genuine, in order to be considered in a CBAM application?
Verifications will be carried out in order to ensure that CBAM declarants fulfil the obligations set up in the Regulation (EU) 2023/956 and its implementing act during the transitional period. From the definitive period onwards, as laid out in Article 9 of the CBAM Regulation, the information on a paid carbon price shall be certified by a person independent from the CBAM declarant and the authorities of the country of origin.
What is a carbon price?
As indicated in Regulation (EU) 2023/956, a carbon price is the monetary amount paid in a third country, under a carbon emissions reduction scheme, which can adopt various forms i.e. tax, levy, fee or in the form of emission allowances under a greenhouse gas emissions trading system, calculated on greenhouse gases covered by such a measure, and released during the production of goods.
Under the EU ETS, the cap determines the supply of emission allowances and provides certainty about maximum emissions of greenhouse gases. The carbon price is determined by the balance of that supply against the market demand. In contrast, CBAM Regulation (EU) 2023/956 does not impose a cap on the number of CBAM certificates available to importers.
How do importers report a carbon price or rebate?
CBAM declarants may claim a reduction in the number of certificates to be surrendered when a carbon price has been effectively paid in the country of origin. To proceed with any rebate or other form of compensation, the carbon price has to have been effectively paid, and records of documentation shall be required to demonstrate such payment. The Commission shall lay out the rules for the deduction of a carbon price paid abroad in a future implementing act in accordance with Article 9 of the Regulation.
CBAM Registry
How will I get access to the CBAM Registry in the definitive period?
Once an importer’s application has been authorised by the competent authority, it will be considered an authorised CBAM declarant. Each CBAM declarant will be assigned a CBAM account number by the Commission, which allows access to the CBAM registry.
How can the CBAM report be submitted?
The CBAM report shall be submitted through the CBAM registry by the authorised CBAM declarant.
When a customs declaration has been lodged, the competent authority of the Member State shall register the person in the CBAM registry. The competent authority shall also review the CBAM declaration, and therefore, check that the information from the applicant is complete and in line with Regulation (EU) 2023/956 to grant the authorisation.
Competent authorities are encouraged to exchange information, between themselves and with the European Commission, essential or relevant to the exercise of their duties. In addition, they shall be assisted by the Commission in carrying out their functions under the Regulation (EU) 2023/956.
Customs representatives
What obligations will customs representatives have?
During the definitive period, the CBAM obligations apply to the authorised CBAM declarant (Article 5):
• if the importer is not established in a Member State: the indirect customs representative;
• if the importer is established in a Member State: the importer, or, subject to agreement, the indirect customs representative.
Only authorised CBAM declarants may import goods into the Union (Article 4). It follows that if the importer is not established in a Member State and the indirect customs representative does not have the status of authorised CBAM declarant, the concerned CBAM goods cannot be imported in the Union.
The application to become an authorised CBAM declarant needs to contain information on the names and contact information of the persons on behalf of whom the applicant is acting, if applicable (Article 5(5)(h). This information will be stored in the CBAM Registry.
Next steps
The CBAM will enter into application in its transitional period on 1 October 2023, with the first reporting period for traders ending 31 January 2024. The set of rules and requirements for the reporting of emissions under CBAM will be further specified in an implementing act to be adopted by the Commission after consulting the CBAM Committee, made up of representatives from EU Member States. The Commission will continue setting up the transitional CBAM registry as well as preparing further secondary legislation and carrying out the planned analysis.
The European Commission is preparing detailed guidance for the application of CBAM during the transitional period and is developing training through webinars and e-learning etc. These will include training courses for reporting declarants, third-country operators and EU national authorities. A dedicated website with all information supporting implementation will soon be launched.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Memo
Brussels, 14 July 2023